Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator
Main Text
Table of Contents
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition with several effective treatment strategies centered around relieving airway obstruction. The gold standard for OSA treatment remains continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), but other options exist. A recent therapy developed within the past decade utilizes hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) through a surgically implanted device. As the patient inspires, the device sends an electrical impulse similar to a cardiac pacemaker. The impulse activates targeted branches of the hypoglossal nerve, leading to stimulation of muscles that protrude the tongue and open the airway posteriorly. This mechanism has been shown to reduce airway obstruction by activating these muscles during inspiration. Along with detailing the chronological order of events, this case outlines various complex anatomical structures that are identified in order to safely and effectively implant the hypoglossal nerve stimulator. Please note that an update device and surgical procedure have since been developed, and that this specific video article addresses the original device and surgical technique. The updated procedure is an FDA-approved alternative to this 3-incision technique, where the device is implanted through 2 incisions.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repeated bouts of hypopnea or apnea secondary to upper airway collapse that occurs during sleep. Episodes of obstructive respiratory events not only disrupt sleep patterns, but may also result in chronic hypoxemia leading to an overactive sympathetic nervous system, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress throughout the body.1 Due to these pathologic effects, OSA is associated with a myriad of chronic health conditions including obesity, hypertension, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, and type II diabetes.2,3 The prevalence is currently estimated to be nearly a billion people across the globe, with the United States having one of the highest rates of disease.4 There is a role for a multitude of treatment options given the large number of individuals affected by OSA.
Despite a multifactorial contribution, one primary component in many cases of OSA is the decrease in pharyngeal muscle tone that occurs during sleep.5 Treatments are focused on the different methods to counteract this obstructive process. The established gold standard treatment for OSA is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).6 CPAP does effectively alleviate OSA; however, adherence rates are frequently poor, with long-term adherence estimated between approximately 30–60%.6 Due to the relatively low adherence to CPAP and high disease prevalence, there have been persistent efforts made to develop alternatives to CPAP. These include nasal, oral, and oropharyngeal surgeries, or combinations of multiple sites. Success rates for these procedures, even in a multilevel setting, have not replaced CPAP as standard therapy. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) is a relatively new alternative used in patients with moderate to severe OSA who fail CPAP therapy.7
Given that failure of CPAP therapy is required in order to meet the criteria for hypoglossal stimulation, the patient will likely be referred from a sleep specialist with a diagnosis of OSA. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize the symptoms, as an established baseline may help when determining the effectiveness of the treatment following the operation. Individuals with OSA can present with symptoms occurring during the daytime and nighttime. Common nocturnal symptoms include snoring, nocturnal gasping/choking, or difficulty staying asleep. Daytime symptoms most notably include sleepiness or fatigue, headaches, memory impairment, or difficulty concentrating.5 However, patients may present with no complaints at all because they were referred to the clinic by a significant other who noticed loud snoring or periods of gasping for air while asleep.
A thorough physical exam may assist in ruling out other abnormalities that could be contributing to a patient’s symptoms. Patients may present with elevated blood pressure, as there is an association between hypertension and OSA.8 Body habitus is something to take note of during the exam. Obesity is not only a risk factor for OSA, it may prevent the patient from being a candidate for this surgery due to abnormal anatomy diagnosed during the preoperative endoscopy.9 Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) is performed in order to evaluate the soft palate and determine if the airway anatomy is suitable for the procedure. This is discussed in further detail under Special Considerations.
Currently, HGNS is only approved for adult individuals. However, it is important to note that OSA can occur at any age. Key pediatric risk factors for OSA include obesity, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, craniofacial abnormalities, and neuromuscular disease.10 Longitudinal cohort studies in adults have shown that a recent increase in weight correlates with a higher chance of developing OSA.11
CPAP is the first-line therapy in individuals with OSA.12 In individuals with mild to moderate OSA who cannot tolerate CPAP, there is an option to try an oral appliance worn at night. Oral appliances generally reposition the mandible anteriorly in an attempt to open the airway.8 Other than hypoglossal stimulation, surgical options include uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (commonly in children), tongue base procedures, and maxillomandibular advancement.8,9 Patients may experience improvement with lifestyle changes such as exercise and weight loss.12
HGNS is an alternative option for select OSA patients that either cannot tolerate or fail to improve on CPAP therapy.7 The goal of this treatment is either a resolution of disease or reduction in disease severity measured by the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI).
Hypoglossal stimulation is FDA approved for patients age 18 and older that have failed or are unable to tolerate CPAP therapy.13 Patients must also meet several other criteria to be approved for device/surgery coverage. These include severe OSA determined by AHI of 15–65, a central apnea index < 25% of the AHI, a BMI ≤ 32, and a drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) without evidence of complete concentric collapse.7 The patient must also have anatomy that is suitable for the procedure. Given that the target of hypoglossal stimulation is tongue protrusion via the action of the genioglossus muscle, the type of airway collapse is crucial. A DISE is done during the preoperative period in order to examine the anatomy and determine the type of airway collapse. Either retropalatal or anterior-posterior airway collapse is preferred, as this has been shown to respond well to hypoglossal stimulation. Patients with complete concentric collapse at the level of the velopharynx, or soft palate, are not candidates for the procedure because the degree and nature of collapse is too severe to overcome by hypoglossal stimulation.14 Other contraindications include central or mixed apnea noted on 25% of the total AHI, lack of upper airway control due to prior surgery or neurologic condition, patients unable to operate the equipment, pregnancy, and patients who need certain types of MRI.7,13 It is important to note that bipolar cautery is used whenever the device is brought onto the field, as monopolar cautery may damage the device.7
This case begins with the placement of electrodes into the lateral tongue and inferiorly into the genioglossus muscle. The electrodes ensure that the correct branches of the hypoglossal nerve are stimulated with the device, with the ultimate goal being protrusion of the tongue achieved by genioglossus contraction.14 Following electrode placement, external anatomy is identified and marked in order to map out the three sites of the incision. Care should be taken to identify the external jugular vein as this can be at risk during the tunneling process. The procedure begins with identifying the hypoglossal nerve for placement of the stimulation lead. An incision is mapped out similar to that for a submandibular gland excision, two fingerbreadths below the body of the mandible to reduce risk to the marginal mandibular nerve. Once the hypoglossal nerve is isolated, coupling of the inclusion branches is done using neurostimulation with the aforementioned electrodes in the genioglossus muscle. The lead, containing inclusion branches, is subsequently secured into place. After the stimulation lead is in place, a pocket is made in the anterior chest wall for the generator, and a respiratory sensing lead is placed inferiorly in between the internal and external intercostal muscles. Once all three components are in place, the leads are then tunneled and connected to the generator. Finally, the device is tested extensively prior to closing.
When placing the NIM electrode, care should be taken to avoid the Wharton's duct. Attention should be given to avoiding the inclusion of the C1 nerve into the stimulation cuff and to the preservation of the Ranine vein.
The device is turned off during the initial recovery period as the patient heals. Approximately one week following the operation, sutures are removed, and the patient is cleared to return to activities of daily living with restrictions on strenuous upper extremity movements for the first month.7 From one month to three months following the operation, the patient’s device is turned on and titrated to the correct settings using polysomnography.14 The patient follows up every 5–12 months to ensure that the device is working appropriately.7
The HGNS in this case (Inspire, Minnesota, USA) received FDA-approval in 2014, having been used outside of the United States in years prior.15 Since then, studies have looked at the safety and efficacy of this therapy. From 2016 to 2018, the ADHERE registry collected data from 508 individuals regarding subjective and objective measures of OSA, for which they used the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and AHI, respectively. Within one year, ESS improved by a median of 5 points and AHI dropped from a median of 34 to 7 events per hour according to values obtained through a titration study.16 Of note, out of the 508 individuals, there was a 2% rate of adverse events with the procedure. This included intraoperative bleeding that was controlled with pressure, seroma, transient dysarthria, and transient tongue weakness.16
Another notable study, the STAR trial, released five years of data in 2018 from a cohort of 97 individuals. The STAR trial resulted in similar improvement in both disease severity and quality of life.15 A recent study followed 20 adolescent individuals (median age of 16) with Down syndrome who were treated with hypoglossal nerve stimulation for refractory OSA. Two months following the operation, there was a median decrease in AHI of 85% in those individuals.17 In part to these results, the FDA recently lowered the approved age for this therapy from age 22 to age 18.13 In summary, it appears that evidence continues to build in the support for this surgical intervention in the treatment of OSA.
An updated device and surgical procedure have been developed since the filming of this video. The original device and surgical technique are portrayed here. The updated procedure is an FDA-approved alternative, where the device is implanted through 2 incisions instead of the 3 seen here.
Inspire Upper Airway Stimulation System.
C. Scott Brown also works as editor of the Otolaryngology section of the Journal of Medical Insight.
The patient referred to in this video article has given their informed consent to be filmed and is aware that information and images will be published online.
Citations
- Javaheri S, Barbe F, Campos-Rodriguez F, et al. Sleep apnea: types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Feb 21;69(7):841-858. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.069.
- Jehan S, Zizi F, Pandi-Perumal SR, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, resistant hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Sleep Med Disord. 2020;4(3):67-76.
- Muraki I, Wada H, Tanigawa T. Sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig. 2018 Sep;9(5):991-997. Epub 2018 Apr 14. doi:10.1111/jdi.12823.
- Benjafield AV, Ayas NT, Eastwood PR, et al. Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnea: a literature-based analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2019 Aug;7(8):687-698. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30198-5.
- Dempsey JA, Veasey SC, Morgan BJ, O'Donnell CP. Pathophysiology of sleep apnea. Physiol Rev. 2010 Jan;90(1):47-112. Erratum in: Physiol Rev. 2010 Apr;90(2):797-8. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00043.2008.
- Rotenberg BW, Murariu D, Pang KP. Trends in CPAP adherence over twenty years of data collection: a flattened curve. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Aug 19;45(1):43. doi:10.1186/s40463-016-0156-0.
- Gupta RJ, Kademani D, Liu SY. Upper airway (hypoglossal nerve) stimulation for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2019 Mar;27(1):53-58. doi:10.1016/j.cxom.2018.
- Gottlieb DJ, Punjabi NM. Diagnosis and management of obstructive sleep apnea: a review. JAMA. 2020 Apr 14;323(14):1389-1400. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3514.
- Wray CM, Thaler ER. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation for obstructive sleep apnea: a review of the literature. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Dec 22;2(4):230-233. doi:10.1016/j.wjorl.2016.11.005.
- Huang YS, Guilleminault C. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: where do we stand? Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;80:136-144. Epub 2017 Jul 17. doi:10.1159/000470885.
- Punjabi NM. The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008 Feb 15;5(2):136-43. doi:10.1513/pats.200709-155MG.
- Semelka M, Wilson J, Floyd R. Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Sep 1;94(5):355-60.
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health. Inspire UAS System. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/recently-approved-devices/inspirer-upper-airway-stimulation-p130008s039. Published April 14, 2020. Accessed February 23, 2021.
- Yu JL, Thaler ER. Hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) stimulation. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2020 Feb;53(1):157-169. Epub 2019 Nov 4. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2019.09.010.
- Woodson BT, Strohl KP, Soose RJ, et al. Upper airway stimulation for obstructive sleep apnea: 5-year outcomes. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018 Jul;159(1):194-202. Epub 2018 Mar 27. doi:10.1177/0194599818762383.
- Heiser C, Steffen A, Boon M, et al. Post-approval upper airway stimulation predictors of treatment effectiveness in the ADHERE registry. Eur Respir J. 2019 Jan 3;53(1):1801405. doi:10.1183/13993003.01405-2018.
- Caloway CL, Diercks GR, Keamy D, et al. Update on hypoglossal nerve stimulation in children with down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea. Laryngoscope. 2020 Apr;130(4):E263-E267. Epub 2019 Jun 20. doi:10.1002/lary.28138.
Cite this article
Russel Kahmke, MD, Adam Honeybrook, MBBS, John Doe, C. Scott Brown, MD. Hypoglossal nerve stimulator. J Med Insight. 2023;2023(246). https://doi.org/10.24296/jomi/246Procedure Outline
Table of Contents
- 1. Electrode Placement
- 2. External Anatomy
- 3. Hypoglossal Nerve Exposure and Identification
- 4. Hypoglossal Nerve Branch Identification
- 5. Coupling of Inclusion Nerve Branch
- 6. Generator Pocket
- 7. Breathing Sensor Lead
- 8. Tunnel from Generator to Breathing Sensor Lead
- 9. Tunnel from Generator to Stimulation Lead
- 10. Connect Leads to Generator
- 11. Test System
- 12. Secure Generator and Check for Hemostasis
- Identify Anterior Border of Submandibular Gland
- Isolate Anterior Belly of the Digastric Muscle
- Identify Posterior Aspect of the Mylohyoid Muscle
- Control Ranine Vein
- Secure Stimulation Lead
Transcription
CHAPTER 1
So what we're going to do is put the tongue electrodes in.So these are insulated 18 mm -so right below the inferior border of the lateral part ofthe tongue - about 5 centimeters back.We're going to pierce through the surface andthen go immediately underneath so you see -see the electrodes just under the surface.So that's the first. That's your red - goes in the tongue.Those are for yourexclusion branches, and then for your inclusion,you're going to go down to genioglossus.So we're going to find midline. Just off midline, followingthe curve of the mandible, we're going toinsert the electrode into genioglossus.Prevent them frombeing removed iatrogenicallyby the attending surgeon.Put a Tegaderm on the side of the face.And then placing a bite blockon the contralateral side will aid invisualization at the end of the casefor tongue protrusion.
CHAPTER 2
We're marking out thenormal anatomy, so we're marking out midlinedown through to the sternal notch.We've got the lower border of the mandibleas well as the anterior borderof the submandibular gland, approximately 1 cm or1 fingerbreadth below the lower border of the mandible.We have about a 5-cm incisionjust above our hyoid. This is where most of the workwill be finding the hypoglossal nerve.We've also marked out our external jugular veinas to not to get into that during tunneling.Further down we've got the inferior border of the clavicleas well as the deltopectoral groove, approximately 5 cm or3 fingerbreadths below.You've got a 5-cm incision, which is wherethe generator pouch will be.And then for lead stent placement for the sensor,you've got - the sensor will end up inferior to the nipple,so about 4 cm posterior to that,put a 5-cm incision along the inferior border ofthe pec muscle in an intercostal space - will be our third site.So one, two, three.
CHAPTER 3
Alright, so first we're going to make an incision -through the skin down to platysma.Because of the technology - bipolar. Because of thetechnology, we are not - we don't use monopolar cautery.So Adam is going to go throughthe platysma.Which you can see the fibers there.Bipolar.Double-pronged skin hooks, please.We'll cauterize the hemorrhage. Just let me know - on.Yeah, there's something else.SkinYeah, there we go. Okay.Bipolar.Can I have Cowboy hooks, please?Just finish up the platysma right there.Knife, please. Yep.Good.
Alright, so next we're going to find - tonsil and a DeBakey -we're going to find the anterior borderof the submandibular gland.DeBakey.Which you can see is right - right here.So we're going to free that up.And come superiorly.Now I'll take a bipolar. Yeah, just come - make sure...This way? Yeah, just try to free it up a little bit.More coming out. Yep.And we know that we're safe, because we're lateral tothe mylohyoid, so the only thing we canpotentially injure is the marginal mandibular branch of thefacial nerve. So that's really the onlyconsequence.Yeah. Let me grab this, and just see if you can clear that up. Yep.Good.Okay.Yep, so that's - see how...While you've gotthe anterior belly digastric here, why don't youcome underneath that and isolate it.
Make sure you get all the way around it.Yeah, that's good.Right through there.Can I have the blue, please?So what we're doing is putting a vascular loop aroundthe anterior belly of the digastric.Number one - it retracts it out of the way, but number two -it allows for placement of the lead deep to itafter the sensing lead has beenplaced. So next, can I have an Army-Navy, please?Thank you.
And now that we've got the gland exposed,the next stop...is to find the posterior aspect of the mylohyoid.Tonsil, please.Yep, good. Perfect.So...Can I have bipolar?So similar to a submandibular gland excision,we now have the mylohyoid retracted anteriorly.So if you'll see, we've got a vein of Ranine, and you got thehypoglossal nerve tracking anteriorly.
So the next step is we need to iden -is isolate this Ranine vein and ligate it to get it out of the field.Here you go.The big one.Snap.Snap.Can - can you - can you shift superiorly?Yeah, and let's just make sure that the nerve is safe. Kittner, please.Okay, so the nerve is down. Okay, Metz.Silk ties, please.So we're going to tie. You don't want to put any clips nearthe electrodes, so all - all of this is done with permanent -permanent suture.One more.Army-Navy, please.Tonsil.Good.Let's get her in.Kittner.Help me - and then you reach under that layer. Here, let me...Army-Navy. Here, let me get a new one under you.Another Kittner.
CHAPTER 4
So Scott, you might be able to hopefully see - start tosee some of the branchingof the nerve.Tonsil, please.Just a little branch.Try to keep your tone in.So, a bipolar, please.Hopefully this...Hopefully you're video recording the little tap dance I'm doing.Oh my God, I have a Kittner count.I just have a mental note of all the Kittners I useduring this case. Can I have another Kittner, please?You can record that. Oh, I will.So you're starting to appreciate some of the branching patterns.You got a main trunk, and you're starting to get some...Do you have the nerve stim?Alright, here's our most inferior branch.Okay.No response.Good.This should be an exclusion.Exclusion, exclusion, inclusion.Inclusion. Exclusion.Okay.Inclusion.Tonsil. So we're trying to do - generally, themore inferior branches are the onesthat we are going to include.Kittner.Alright, nerve stim.Alright, we got our main inclusion branch, right here.Inclusion.Kittner.And then the first branch to be excludedis right here.Exclusion. Okay.In. Inclusion.Out. Exclusion.Alright. It's a pretty defined -he's got a big beefy nerve.Right angle, please.
CHAPTER 5
Can we have the...The...Coupler.My English is failing me.Can I have a tonsil? So what we're doing -there's an inner...There's an inner and outer flange,so we unfurl the outer flange and grabthe outer corner of it.What we do is we pass this underneath the nerve,and we grab it with theright angle that's currently...Make sure when you free up the fascia around the nerve,you get a good centimeteraround it to be able to facilitatethe coupler coming through.Inner has to go around. DeBakey.Followed by the outer, and that - there's memory to it, so it loopsright around it.Do you have an angiocath with some saline, please?Put a little bit of saline around the c - through thetube just to make sure -there's no tissue stuck in it.Alright, so now that tunnelthat was made underneath the digastric - we're now going tofeed - tonsil. We're now going to feedthe lead underneath it.3-0 silk sutures, please.
DeBakey.Thank you.I'll take another one, please.If you want to tie that one.Here you go. Yep, so double knot.This is anchoringthe stim lead down, so you're going to bring one thread around.Yep. You can tie it down into the groove.I'm going to do the same thing.Ray-Tec with some Baci on it, please.So I don't get the Inspire team upset, I'm going to make sure I leave theend of it out.
CHAPTER 6
Alright, so that's the first,so next we're going to make a pocket for the generator.So this is very similar to a pec flap.So we're going to make an incision down through skin,subcutaneous fat, down onto pectoralismajor fascia without going through it.Same thing - no monopolar cautery. Bipolar, please.It's otology hot right there.Yeah. What that means is thatotologists keep their bipolars significantly hotter than therest of the world. Come over here.Yep. Down to pec fascia.Good. That's good right there - yep, anda little bit more laterally - medially.Yep, so with blunt dissection in aplane just lateral -just superficial to the pec,you need to be able to create threefingerbreadths in order to make the pocket.So, you can always make itwider. You don't want to make it too big to prevent migration.Yep.So you can see the shiny pec fascia down, and all the sub-qfat and everything up. That's the pocket.Ray-tec with saline or Baci. This is one ofthe true - you know,one of the things in head and neck that actuallyhave to be sterile, so now we're using Ioban.We're using Baci in our irrigation becausewe do not want a device-related infection.
CHAPTER 7
So a third is going to bethe place for the sensor.Incisiones, with a knife-y. Thanks.Cowboy hooks.Thank you.Another one, Adam.Knife.Okay, so I can palpate a ribinterspace. DeBakey and a tonsil.So what we're going to do here is we're gonnawork our way between -leaflets of the serratus anterior muscle.Bipole, please.Bipolar.Do you have the pedal? On. Yep.Thank you.And I want to come...Right here.So you can start to see -the serratus anterior.Right here.So again, we're just coming in between.Yep.Yep.It's right - right there.A little more posterior - right there.Buzz about right there.Yeah, good.So what we're looking for is a changein the direction of the fibers, sothe serratus anterior looks different than theintercostals, which we should be able to see shortly.Yep.Kittner, please.Can you see, Scott?So, you have here the serratus anterior.And then a little bit deeper you havea slightly different orientation of thefibers, right shoulderto sternum, and they look like -there's bleeding. Suction, please.Buzz that right there.What I'm holding on to? Yep.You can see the directionality,and you can see it almost looks likepacking -like packing tape. So that's the external.So right on the other side of that...Is going to be the internal, which goes in a different direction.Yep.So do we have the -ribbon? So we're going to take this malleable.We're going to measure it to 6 cm.We're gonna put a nice little bend on it, and what this is doing isthis is going to introducebetween the internal and externalintercostals and is going to make surewe stay in that -in this fascial plane between internal and externaloblique fibers -so that I don't cause a pneumothorax.Apparently, if I just stay in the direction of the ribs,which has been told to me more than once, I should be safe.I still don't believe it, but...There we go.Slightly easier that time.Alright, it should - it's a potential space, so it shouldcome in rather easily. Tonsil.So this is the sensor lead, so this hasto go down against the internal.So you grab it by the little honeycomb part,and you make sure that thesevertical little nubs are facing up if you forget.But basically, this goes in; this comes out.DeBakey.Hopefully, there isn't a large rush of air when you do this.I'm kind of not kidding.Alright, silks - we need four of them.Yeah, so you have -similarly to what the -part in the neck where you have the twosutures that go around the barrel, but you also havea couple sutures thatgo around the flanges on the side to keep it from migrating.Can you push that in a little bit?Nice. Thank you.Scissors.Yep.DeBakey.Thank you.
CHAPTER 8
So, we're going to get a tunneler,which is up here. And so what Adam's going to do is in the planejust superficial to the pec fascia,he's going to connect the two surgical sites.Yep, good. Yep. So, he's going to remove the central core.Now I'm going to come this way, sir.We're going to feed the sensing lead.Let me just put quite a bit in here.Go for it. So he's going to gently pull. Yep.Yep, good.So, now we've gotwhat they call this omega-shaped release -kind of a pressure release valve down here that -in case there's any tugging or pulling,there's no - there's limited risk of it coming out.Silk. So now what we're doing is we're going to secure thethe strain reliefonto the inferior borderof the pec major,and that is - this lead is mobile. So what you're doingis by putting the suture around it, you're kind of locking it ontothe cable.Army-Navy.Army-Navy.Scissors.Stitch.DeBakey.Thank you.Stitch down.
CHAPTER 9
So, now what Adam's going to do is develop asubplatysmal plane,going from -Why don't you come up here.yeah, that's good. Thanks, man.So he's going to develop that plane -can I have the introducer?Thank you. Just to make our lives - again, you can kind of see theexternal jugular vein,so we just kind of know where we have to try to avoid.You just mirror the shape of the patient to -the introducer, somehow.Same thing - superficial to pec fascia, over claviclein theory - watching me struggle on video.Trying not to puncture anything.So, in similar fashion, remove the central core.I'm just going to feed a healthy portion of this into...Excellent.Bleeding.That's good.It's not moving.Ah, hold on.We got to find a better tunneler.Seriously.Rich, please. Or Army-Navy is fine.Suction. Let's just take a look and make sure we -where ourred blood cells are coming from.Bipolar.Clean those off, please.Tonsil, please.DeBakey.Yep.Medium, uh...2-0 tie to Adam.That's the problem with tunneling.You got a blunt instrument, but the problem is there is abranch of the external jugular vein that wasconnected to the anterior jugular system that...Hopefully doing,you know, the blunt stuff avoids alot of bleeding, but sometimes you just can't avoid it.
CHAPTER 10
Alright, so Adam is going to clean off the tips ofthe electrodes.Can I have the lap? Again, I just want to be an otologist,so, similar to my mentors of old, I...Oh wow. Really clean.Would you like some new gloves? No.Would you like a basin? That's right. I'd like a warm towel.Alright, so next -can you give us the implant?So, Adam is going to have the screwdriver,so he's going to insert it intothe bottom -can I have a clean Ray-Tec, please? Through the membrane -and I'm going to get thesense lead, which says sense leadon it - again, for head and neck oncologists.Yep, so we're going to insert, push past...Yep, and I can see it in the end, so Adam's going to twist and hear 3 clicks.Okay. He's going to take the screwdriver out.And I'm going to give it a little tug test and make surethat's all passed. So then we're going to repeat the process.So he's going to put the screwdriver in.Okay.Same process - insert it all the way in,putting gentle pressure, twist down three clicks.Okay. Screwdriver forcibly removed - gentle tug test.It all looks like it's passed, and allthe insulating bits are where they're supposed to be.So, now rotating in aclockwise fashion, getting the wires behind.Watching me struggle on video - yada, yada, yada.Into Adam's wonderfully-created chest pouch on top ofthe pec fascia.So now, we're going to see if the whole system works.Army-Navy. We're good.
CHAPTER 11
Yep. Yep, so...Yep. So similar to what we do with a cochlear implant,we're going to get the sterile...Yep, so we're going to put it right over, and we're going tolook to see the green.Next step is to try to look for inspiration, expiration,so we're going to look respiratory waveforms.So, that tells us the electrode is in the right place.It's not... Right. In the intercostal?It's in - it's able to sense expansion of the chest.So we let it go for a few cycles until we get apretty picture.See, there's our pretty picture.So now, the next step is where we're going to test the actual tongue.Do you have a Ray-Tec, please?A moist Ray-Tec, sorry - just so I can clean off the -the tape, alright.This is why we use the clear...What we want to do is see protrusion of the tongue.Yep, so we're starting at 1.5.So, we're going to increase the voltage to 2.It looks like the tongue is straight out of the mouth -bilateral protrusion - I think if anything, that gauze is hindering it.Can I remove the gauze? Yeah, go for it.
CHAPTER 12
So, there's a hole in the top, so we put two suturesin a V formation down on the pec fascia to prevent migration,but there's an air knot in these compared to the other ones.And you do like a week of antibiotics for these folks?So technically, you're not sup - you don'tneed to, but given that we're near the mouthand we're mucking around with it,I just give a - I send them on 3 to 5 days of skinflora coverage like Keflex just to -again, just to ward off evil spirits.Silk. Yeah, there's no -there's no indication for it, but it makes me sleep better at night,which in the end, that's all that matters.Yeah, that's all that matters.We don't need any more silks. Yeah, we're done.We need the Vicryls and the chromics.Okay, can you do a Valsalva, please?You said you wanted a Valsalva?Yeah, if you don't mind. Oh, right. Of course, sorry.Great, thank you.